CLASSES VII - X REPORTED SPEECH FOR ALL
Reported Speech is used to report or convey statements made by someone else in the past, without using their exact words.
FIVE RULES FOR CHANGING DIRECT TO REPORTED SPEECH
1. Add a Reporting Verb Clause
Naisha said, "I love chocolate."
Naisha said that she loved chocolate.
Naisha said - Reporting Speech (like a journalist reporting something)
that - conjuction
said - reporting verb clause
she loved chocolate - reported speech
Difference between SAY vs TELL - 4 RULES
#1 'Say'/said is used when you not want to specify who the message was being conveyed to
#2 'Say'/said general information/facts or universal/ opinion without a specific address
e.g., Amiara said, "It is lovely day."
Amaira said that it was a lovely day.
#3 'Tell'/told is a transitive verb so we need an object to receive it.
#4 Tell/told is used to give instructions, command or request
She said to Ravi, "I want to go for a movie tonight."
She told Ravi that she wanted to go for a movie that night.
2. Change the PRONOUN
Teacher said, "You should study for the test."
Teacher said that we should study for the test.
#1 1st person - I/We/me - may change to 3rd person - he/she/they/her/him
She said, "I am tired."
She said that she was tired.
#2 2nd person pronoun - You - changes to 3rd person - he/she/they
Alia said, "You are invited for the party."
Alia said that she was invited for the party.
#3 The 3rd person pronoun - he/she/they - usually remain the same
She said, "He is tall."
She said that he is tall.
Changes
I - He/She
We - They
me - Him/her/their
you - he/she/they
he/she/they - he/she/they
3. Change Time and Place words
- especially if time has passed since the words were spoken or the place has changed
e.g., Riya said, "Priya is coming to my house tonight."
Riya said that Priya was coming to her house that night.
Changes
today - that day
now - that moment/that time/at the moment
tonight - that night
ago - before
last week/month/year - the week before/the month before/the year before
next year - the following year
tomorrow - the following day/the next day
here - there
this - that
these - those
4. Back shifting of Tenses
She said, "I want a holiday." She said that she wanted a holiday.
b)
Riya said, "Priya is annoying me." Riya said that Priya was annoying her.
c)
Ritu said, "I have eaten too much." Ritu said that she had eaten too much.
d)
Ritik said, "The class has been interesting." Ritik said that the class had been interesting.
e)
She said, "I saw her arrive." She said that she had seen her arrive.
f)
He said, "The team were playing well." He said that the team had been playing well.
g)
He said, "We had arrived before Sam." He said that they had arrived before Sam.
h)
He said, "We had already been talking about." He said that they had already been talking about it.
Simple Future/Future Continuous/Future Perfect/Future Perfect Continuous - would/should
was/were going to
#5 Change the Modals and Auxiliary Verbs
Can - Could
She said, "I can swim across the river." - She said that she could swim across the river.
Will - Would
Shall - should
May (possibility) - might
Ravi said, "We may arrive late." - Ravi said that they might arrive late.
m may (permission) - could
"May I borrow your pen." - She asked if she could borrow my pen.
must (obligation) - had to
"I must finish the report by tomorrow." - He said that he had to finish the report by the following day.
Must (speculation) - must
"She must be tired." - Riya said that she must be tired.
should - should
could - could
am/is - was
are - were
do/does - did
has/have - had
EXCEPTIONS
1. Do not shift tenses if information is on going or a universal truth
2. If the situation changed or has finished - you have to go to the past tense.
3. If what was said is no longer true - then we go to past
REPORTING QUESTIONS
When Reporting Questions the word order changes to a statement because it is not a question anymore when it being reported.
Ravi asked, "Do you have plans for the weekend?" - close ended questions (Answer to this will be either yes or no)
Ravi enquired whether we had any plans for the weekend
To report CLOSE ENDED QUESTIONS we use conjunctions like IF or WHETHER
Ravi asked, "What are your plans for the weekend?" (Questions with WH word - where, what, when, how, who)
R Ravi inquired what my plans were for the weekend.
To report an OPEN ENDED QUESTION, the reporting verb asked/inquired is followed by WH conjunction
REPORTING COMMANDS OR IMPERATIVES
"Stop talking."
He ordered them to stop talking. (can use reporting verbs like told/ordered/instructed)
"Do not forget to call me."
He reminded her not to forget to call her.
ADVICE/INSTRUCTION/REQUESTS/OFFERS/PROMISES
"You should study hard and crack the exam."
She advised me to study hard and crack the exam.
advised/recommended/explained + indirect object+ the main verb (infinitive form)
"Add the ingredients and stir well."
He instructed them to add the ingredients and stir well.
asked/offered/promised/advised/suggested + the indirect object + reporting clause
"I'll help you with your assignment."
Ravi offered to help me with my assignment.
"I promise, I'll be there on time."
Ravi promised that would be there on time.
EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE
T These sentences express - Grief, sorrow, happiness, applause etc (The injection once removed the sentence becomes an assertive sentence)
"What a beautiful sunset!"
She exclaimed how beautiful the sunset is.
"I can't believe it!"
He exclaimed that he couldn't believe it.
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