Classes VI - X

  Modal verbs are used to express functions such as: 1.       Permission 2.       Ability 3.       Obligation 4.       Prohibition 5.       Lack of necessity 6.       Advice 7.       possibility 8.       probability Here is a list of modals with examples: Modal Verb Expressing Example must Strong obligation You must stop when the traffic lights turn red. logical conclusion/ Certainty He must be very tired. He’s been working all day long. must not Prohibition You must not smoke in the hospital. can Ability I can swim. Permission Can I use your phone please? Possibility Smoking can cause cancer. could ability in the past When I was younger I could run fast. polite permission Excuse me, could I just say something?

  PHRASES AND CLAUSES PHRASES are group words that act like a part of speech, but they are not complete sentences as they don’t have a subject or a verb. E.g., My best friend (Noun Phrase, with the blue shirt (Prepositional phrase which behaves like an adjective), for twenty days (prepositional phrase acts like an adverb) CLAUSE are a group of words that can be a sentence but not always. However, the difference between the phrase and clause is that clauses have a subject and a verb. A clause cant be a phrase because its just one part of speech, while a clause has always has a noun or pronoun component and a verb component (part). A clause can be Independent i.e., can stand on its own as a complete sentence while it can be a dependent clause also i.e., it cannot stand on its own. E.g., Although she is hungry…(dependent clause) (dependent clause) Although she is hungry , she will give some her food to the poor . (Independent clause) E.g., The wizard who cast a spell. – Dependen

  REPORTED SPEECH Why Reported Speech is important? Reported speech is called Indirect speech i.e., a conversation between two individuals or to a group people is direct speech while reporting of the conversation which has already occurred to another person or group is indirect speech/ reported speech. Reported speech has two parts – Introductory clause+ Indirect clause He said that (Introductory clause) they were going for a picnic the next day. (Indirect clause) 1# CHANGES RELATED TO TENSE a)       Simple Present                                                             Simple Past b)       Present Continuous                                          Past Continuous c)       Present Perfect                                                  Past Perfect d)       Present Perfect Continuous                              Past Perfect Continuous e)       Simple Past                                                      Past Perfect f)        Past